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1 law doctorate
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2 earn a law doctorate
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3 law
1) закон; право ( як система законів); правознавство, законознавство; юстиція; професія юриста; суд, судовий процес, судова процедура; розм. юристи; правило; the law розм. поліція, поліцейський2) атриб. юридичний, законний, правовий•law based on judicial decisions — право, засноване на судових (прецедентних) рішеннях
law enforcement classification of confidential information — засекречування конфіденційної інформації поліцією ( або іншим правоохоронним органом)
law of international organizations — право, що регулює діяльність міжнародних організацій
law on amendments and additions — ( to the law on smth) закон про внесення змін і доповнень ( до закону про щось)
law on combating organized crime — = law on combatting organized crime закон про боротьбу з організованою злочинністю
- law-abiding citizenlaw on combatting organized crime — = law on combating organized crime
- law-abiding person
- law-abidingness
- law administration
- law agent
- law analogy
- law and equity
- law and order
- law-and-order
- law-and-order advocate
- law-and-order campaign
- law-and-order candidate
- law-and-order champion
- law-and-order force
- law and order maintenance
- law and usage of Parliament
- law application
- law as a career
- law as amended
- law as fact
- law as norm
- law blank
- law-book
- law books
- law-breaker
- law-breaking
- law case
- law canter
- law centre
- law changes
- law charge
- law charges
- law Christian
- law clerk
- law code
- law commentator
- law compliance
- law-complying
- law-complying citizen
- law-complying person
- law conference
- law costs
- law course
- law-court
- law courts
- law-creating
- law-creating process
- law-creating source
- law creation
- law day
- Law Day
- law defiance
- law-defying person
- law degree
- law department
- law dictionary
- law digest
- law doctorate
- law drafting
- law draftsman
- law due to expire
- law education
- law effectiveness
- law enforcement
- law-enforcement
- law enforcement agency
- law enforcement action
- law enforcement administration
- law enforcement administrator
- law enforcement agencies
- law enforcement forces
- law enforcement agency
- law enforcement agent
- law enforcement authority
- law enforcement body
- law enforcement classification
- law-enforcement community
- law enforcement duty
- law enforcement effectiveness
- law enforcement establishment
- law-enforcement executive
- law enforcement force
- law enforcement intelligence
- law enforcement investigator
- law enforcement manual
- law enforcement matter
- law-enforcement officer
- law-enforcement official
- law enforcement personnel
- law enforcement policy
- law enforcement procedure
- law enforcement process
- law enforcement statistics
- law enforcement structure
- law enforcement system
- law-enforcement technique
- law enforcer
- law enforcing body
- law examiner
- law-executing power
- law expenses
- law factory
- law faculty
- law firm
- law for the time being
- law form
- law-forming decision
- law French
- law-giver
- law-governed
- law-governed state
- law in effect
- law in force
- law in vigor
- law in vigour
- law-interpreting power
- law interpretation
- law is silent
- law judgement
- law judgment
- law language
- Law Latin
- law lecture
- law library
- law-list
- Law Lords
- law lords
- law-maker
- law-making
- law-making activity
- law-making body
- law-making instrument
- law-making power
- law-making process
- law-making treaty
- law manuscript
- law martial
- law matter
- law merchant
- law-monger
- law obedience
- law-obedient
- law obedient citizen
- law obedient person
- law observance
- law of accidental error
- law of agency
- law of arbitral procedure
- law of armed conflict
- law of arms
- law of business property
- law of casuality
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflict
- law of contract
- law of copyright
- law of corrections
- law of crime
- law of crimes
- law of criminal procedure
- law of domestic relations
- law of domestical relations
- law of employment
- law of enforceable rights
- law of equity
- law of evidence
- law of God
- law of immovable property
- law of industrial relations
- law of inheritance
- law of international trade
- law of landlord and tenant
- law of marriage
- law of master and servant
- law of merchant shipping
- lawof nations
- lawof nature
- law of neighboring tenements
- law of neighbouring tenements
- law of no effect
- law of obligation
- law of outer space
- law of peace
- law of persons
- law of power
- law of practice
- law of precedent
- law of prize
- law of procedure
- law of property
- law of property act
- law of quasi-contract
- law of real property
- law of rights
- law of self-preservation
- law of shipping
- law of substance
- law of succession
- law of talion
- law of the air
- law of the case
- Law of the Church
- Law of the church
- law of the Constitution
- law of the court
- law of the flag
- law of the jungle
- law of the land
- law of the land clause
- law of the sea
- law of the situs
- law of the staple
- law of the United Nations
- law of torts
- law of treaties
- law of trust
- law of wages
- law of war
- law of wills
- law offender
- law-office
- law office
- law officer
- law officers of the Crown
- law on additions
- law on amendments
- law on cooperation
- law on elections
- law on refugees
- law on the state budget
- law order
- law person
- law policy
- law position
- law practice
- law proceeding
- law proceedings
- law profession
- law professor
- law-protected
- law reform
- law remedy
- law report
- law reporter
- law reports
- law-restricted
- law review
- law revision
- law revision commission
- law school
- law school curriculum
- law side
- law sitting
- law society
- law spiritual
- law still in force
- law still in vigor
- law still in vigour
- law student
- law suit
- law system
- law teacher at the university
- law teaching
- law temporal
- law term
- law-term
- law terminology
- law terms
- law textbook
- law theory
- law-trained
- law treaty
- law-unabiding
- law-unabiding citizen
- law unacted upon
- law violation
- law-violator
- law was in being since...
- law wife
- law-writer
- law's provision
- laws of war -
4 doctorate in law
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5 Doctor of Civil Law
[,dɔktərəv,sɪvl'lɔː]до́ктор гражда́нского пра́ва (высшая учёная степень доктора наук [ higher doctorate]; ср. Doctor of Philosophy)English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > Doctor of Civil Law
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6 earn
заробляти; отримувати; заслужити; приносити прибуток, бути рентабельним- earn a reputation
- earn commission
- earn political dividends
- earn reputation
- earn reward -
7 Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
(1941-)Legal scholar and teacher, jurist, civil servant, and politician. Born in Povoa de Varzim, Freitas do Amaral's father became a member of parliament in the Estado Novo's National Assembly. A superb student, the young Freitas do Amaral studied law at the Law Faculty, University of Lisbon, and became the top law student and protégé of Professor Marcello Caetano, who in 1968 was selected to replace an ailing Antônio de Oliveira Salazar as prime minister. Freitas do Amaral received his doctorate in law in the late 1960s and remained close to his former law professor, who was now prime minister. In his scholarship on the history of Portuguese law, as well as in his political and social ideology as a conservative, Freitas do Amaral in many respects remained a student, protégé, and follower of Caetano through the period of Caetano's premiership (1968-74) and into the era of the Revolution of 25 April 1974. More than 20 years later, Freitas do Amaral published his memoirs, which focused on the 1968-74 political era, O Antigo Regime E A Revolução. Memórias Políticas ( 1941-75). This personal portrait of Caetano's tribulations as a sometimes reluctant, well-prepared but probably inappropriately selected national leader remains an invaluable primary source for historical reconstruction.During the early months after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Freitas do Amaral entered politics and became a founder of the right-wing Christian Democratic Party (CDS). He served as the party's leader to 1985 and again from 1988 to 1991, and was a member of parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1975 to 1983 and from 1992 to 1993. When the Democratic Alliance, of which the CDS was a part, won elections in 1979-80, Freitas do Amaral served as deputy prime minister and minister of defense and, when Francisco de Sá Carneiro died in a mysterious air crash, Freitas do Amaral briefly served as interim prime minister. He was a candidate for the presidency in the 1986 presidential election, although he lost to Mário Soares. In 1995, he served as President of the United Nations General Assembly. As a European federalist who disagreed with the CDS Euroskeptic line followed by Paulo Portas, Freitas do Amaral broke with his party and resigned from it. Although he was usually regarded as a right-winger, Freitas do Amaral backed the Social Democratic Party in the 2002 Assembly of the Republic elections. Disillusioned with the government's policies and critical of its endorsement of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Freitas do Amaral shifted his support to the Socialist Party in the 2005 election. The new prime minister José Sôcrates named Freitas do Amaral minister of foreign affairs in the XVII Constitutional Government, but the senior jurist and politician resigned after a year in office, for health reasons.After many years as a law professor at the New University of Lisbon, in 2007, Freitas do Amaral delivered a final public lecture and retired from academia. He is the author of a biography of King Afonso I, a play, and of various legal and juridical studies and is considered the most eminent living scholar in the fields of administrative and constitutional law.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Freitas do Amaral, Diogo
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8 Ohm, Georg Simon
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 16 March 1789 Erlangen, near Nuremberg, Germanyd. 6 July 1854 Munich, Germany[br]German physicist who laid the foundations of electrical science with his discovery of Ohm's Law.[br]Given the same first name as his father, Johann, at his baptism, Ohm was generally known by the name of Georg to avoid confusion. While still a child he became interested in science and learned many of his basic skills from his father, a mechanical engineer. After basic education he attended the Gymnasium at Erlangen for a year, then in 1805 he entered the University of Erlangen. Probably for financial reasons, he left after three terms in 1806 and obtained a post as a mathematics tutor at a school in Gottstadt, Switzerland, where he may well have begun to experiment with electrical circuits. In 1811 he returned to Erlangen. He appears to have obtained his doctorate in the same year. After studying physics for a year, he became a tutor at the Studienanstalt (girls' secondary school) at Bamberg in Bavaria. There, in 1817, he wrote a book on the teaching of geometry in schools, as a result of which King Freidrich Wilhelm III of Prussia had him appointed Oberlehrer (Senior Master) in Mathematics and Physics at the Royal Consistory in Cologne. He continued his electrical experiments and in 1826 was given a year's leave of absence to concentrate on this work, which culminated the following year in publication of his "Die galvanische Kette", in which he demonstrated his now-famous Law, that the current in a resistor is proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Because he published only a theoretical treatment of his Law, without including the supporting experimental evidence, his conclusions were widely ignored and ridiculed by the eminent German scientists of his day; bitterly disappointed, he was forced to resign his post at the Consistory. Reduced to comparative poverty he took a position as a mathematics teacher at the Berlin Military School. Fortunately, news of his discovery became more widely known, and in 1833 he was appointed Professor at the Nuremberg Polytechnic School. Two years later he was given the Chair of Higher Mathematics at the University of Erlangen and the position of State Inspector of Scientific Education. Honoured by the Royal Society of London in 1841 and 1842, in 1849 he became Professor of Physics at Munich University, apost he held until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Copley Medal 1841. FRS 1842.Bibliography1817, "Grundlinien zu einer zweckmàssigen Behandlung der Geometric als hohern Bildungsmittels an vorbereitenden Lehranstalt".1827, "Die galvanische Kette, mathematische bearbeit".Further ReadingF.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers' Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill, Section 3 (for circuit theory based on Ohm's Law).See also: Thévénin, Léon CharlesKF -
9 Doctor
1. noun1) Arzt, der/Ärztin, die; Doktor, der (ugs.); as title Doktor, der; as address Herr/Frau Doktorjust what the doctor ordered — [ganz] genau das richtige!
4) (holder of degree) Doktor, der2. transitive verb(coll.) (falsify) verfälschen [Dokumente, Tonbänder]; frisieren (ugs.) [Bilanzen, Bücher]; (adulterate) panschen (ugs.) [Wein]; verwürzen [Gericht]* * *['doktə] 1. noun1) (a person who is trained to treat ill people: Doctor Davidson; You should call the doctor if you are ill; I'll have to go to the doctor.) der Doktor2) (a person who has gained the highest university degree in any subject.) der Doktor2. verb1) (to interfere with; to add something to (usually alcohol or drugs): Someone had doctored her drink.) vermischen2) (to treat with medicine etc: I'm doctoring my cold with aspirin.) behandeln•- academic.ru/21561/doctorate">doctorate* * *doc·tor[ˈdɒktəʳ, AM ˈdɑ:ktɚ]I. ngood morning, \doctor Smith guten Morgen, Herr/Frau Doktor Smithto be at the \doctor's beim Arzt/bei der Ärztin seinto go to the \doctor's zum Arzt/zur Ärztin gehento see a \doctor [about sth] einen Arzt/eine Ärztin [wegen einer S. gen] aufsuchen\doctor's certificate Attest nt, ärztliche Bescheinigung\doctor's orders ärztliche Anweisung3.▶ to be just what the \doctor ordered genau das Richtige seinII. vt▪ to \doctor sth etw fälschen2. (poison)▪ to \doctor sth etw mit Alkohol versetzento \doctor an animal ein Tier kastrieren [o sterilisieren]* * *['dɒktə(r)]1. nDoctor Smith yes, doctor — Doktor Smith ja, Herr/Frau Doktor
to send for the doctor — den Arzt holen
he is a doctor — er ist Arzt
2) (UNIV ETC) Doktor mto get one's doctor's degree —
doctor of Law/of Science etc — Doktor der Rechte/der Naturwissenschaften etc
Dear Doctor Smith — Sehr geehrter Herr Dr./Sehr geehrte Frau Dr. Smith
2. vt1) cold behandeln2) (inf: castrate) kastrierenthe food's/wine's been doctored — dem Essen/Wein ist etwas beigemischt worden
* * *D. abk3. Doctor* * *1. noun1) Arzt, der/Ärztin, die; Doktor, der (ugs.); as title Doktor, der; as address Herr/Frau Doktorjust what the doctor ordered — [ganz] genau das richtige!
4) (holder of degree) Doktor, der2. transitive verb(coll.) (falsify) verfälschen [Dokumente, Tonbänder]; frisieren (ugs.) [Bilanzen, Bücher]; (adulterate) panschen (ugs.) [Wein]; verwürzen [Gericht]* * *n.Arzt ¨-e m.Doktor -en m. -
10 doctor
1. noun1) Arzt, der/Ärztin, die; Doktor, der (ugs.); as title Doktor, der; as address Herr/Frau Doktorjust what the doctor ordered — [ganz] genau das richtige!
4) (holder of degree) Doktor, der2. transitive verb(coll.) (falsify) verfälschen [Dokumente, Tonbänder]; frisieren (ugs.) [Bilanzen, Bücher]; (adulterate) panschen (ugs.) [Wein]; verwürzen [Gericht]* * *['doktə] 1. noun1) (a person who is trained to treat ill people: Doctor Davidson; You should call the doctor if you are ill; I'll have to go to the doctor.) der Doktor2) (a person who has gained the highest university degree in any subject.) der Doktor2. verb1) (to interfere with; to add something to (usually alcohol or drugs): Someone had doctored her drink.) vermischen2) (to treat with medicine etc: I'm doctoring my cold with aspirin.) behandeln•- academic.ru/21561/doctorate">doctorate* * *doc·tor[ˈdɒktəʳ, AM ˈdɑ:ktɚ]I. ngood morning, \doctor Smith guten Morgen, Herr/Frau Doktor Smithto be at the \doctor's beim Arzt/bei der Ärztin seinto go to the \doctor's zum Arzt/zur Ärztin gehento see a \doctor [about sth] einen Arzt/eine Ärztin [wegen einer S. gen] aufsuchen\doctor's certificate Attest nt, ärztliche Bescheinigung\doctor's orders ärztliche Anweisung3.▶ to be just what the \doctor ordered genau das Richtige seinII. vt▪ to \doctor sth etw fälschen2. (poison)▪ to \doctor sth etw mit Alkohol versetzento \doctor an animal ein Tier kastrieren [o sterilisieren]* * *['dɒktə(r)]1. nDoctor Smith yes, doctor — Doktor Smith ja, Herr/Frau Doktor
to send for the doctor — den Arzt holen
he is a doctor — er ist Arzt
2) (UNIV ETC) Doktor mto get one's doctor's degree —
doctor of Law/of Science etc — Doktor der Rechte/der Naturwissenschaften etc
Dear Doctor Smith — Sehr geehrter Herr Dr./Sehr geehrte Frau Dr. Smith
2. vt1) cold behandeln2) (inf: castrate) kastrierenthe food's/wine's been doctored — dem Essen/Wein ist etwas beigemischt worden
* * *A sdoctor’s assistant Arzthelfer(in);doctor’s certificate ärztliches Attest, ärztliche Bescheinigung;doctor’s stuff umg Medizin f;doctor’s surgery Arztpraxis f;doctor’s wife Arztfrau f;that’s just what the doctor ordered umg das ist genau das Richtige;you are the doctor umg Sie müssen es ja schließlich wissen2. USa) Zahnarzt m, -ärztin fb) Tierarzt m, ärztin f3. UNIV Doktor m:Doctor of Divinity (Laws, Medicine) Doktor der Theologie (Rechte, Medizin);doctor’s degree Doktorgrad m;take one’s doctor’s degree den oder seinen Doktor machen, promovieren;Dear Doctor Sehr geehrter Herr Doktor …;Dr and Mrs B. Herr Dr. B. und Frau4. Gelehrte(r) m/f(m) (obs außer in):Doctor of the Church Kirchenvater m5. umg jemand, der etwas (berufsmäßig) repariert:doll doctor Puppendoktor m;radio doctor Rundfunkmechaniker(in)7. TECH ein Hilfsmittel, besondersa) Schaber m, Abstreichmesser nb) Lötkolben m8. Angeln: (eine) künstliche Fliege9. umg kühle BriseB v/t1. (ärztlich) behandeln, verarzten umg2. umg ein Tier kastrieren3. a) herumdoktern an (dat) pejb) zusammenflicken, (notdürftig) ausbessern pej4. jemandem die Doktorwürde verleihen5. jemanden mit Doktor anredenb) Abrechnungen etc frisieren umg, (ver)fälschenC v/i umg als Arzt praktizieren* * *1. noun1) Arzt, der/Ärztin, die; Doktor, der (ugs.); as title Doktor, der; as address Herr/Frau Doktorjust what the doctor ordered — [ganz] genau das richtige!
4) (holder of degree) Doktor, der2. transitive verb(coll.) (falsify) verfälschen [Dokumente, Tonbänder]; frisieren (ugs.) [Bilanzen, Bücher]; (adulterate) panschen (ugs.) [Wein]; verwürzen [Gericht]* * *n.Arzt ¨-e m.Doktor -en m. -
11 doctor
'doktə
1. noun1) (a person who is trained to treat ill people: Doctor Davidson; You should call the doctor if you are ill; I'll have to go to the doctor.) médico2) (a person who has gained the highest university degree in any subject.) doctor
2. verb1) (to interfere with; to add something to (usually alcohol or drugs): Someone had doctored her drink.) adulterar2) (to treat with medicine etc: I'm doctoring my cold with aspirin.) tratar, curar•doctor n médico / doctorMultiple Entries: Dr. doctor
Dr. sustantivo masculino (◊ Doctor) Dr
doctor -tora sustantivo masculino, femenino doctor; doctor en derecho Doctor of Law
doctor,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino doctor
doctor de la Iglesia, Doctor of the Church ' doctor' also found in these entries: Spanish: A - alterna - alterno - avisar - cabecera - consulta - convencer - diagnosticar - doctora - doctorado - Dr - Dra - facultativa - facultativo - fonendo - fonendoscopio - ir - intubar - médica - médico - negligencia - prescripción - recalcar - recibir - regularmente - tamtan - titular1 - yerbatera - yerbatero - amañar - atender - auscultar - buscar - citar - coger - curandero - Dr. - el - en - hacer - hechicero - ingresar - mandar - negar - puericultor - suplente - sustituto - ver English: A - address - advise - be - doctor - DPhil - Dr - family doctor - for - have in - insist - let through - LLD - MD - medication - PhD - practice - practise - prescribe - should - spot - stop by - woman - appointment - call - consultation - duty - examination - fee - get - home - make - pronounce - put - quack - round - see - send - spin - strike - study - summon - surgery - want - way - witchtr['dɒktəSMALLr/SMALL]1 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL médico,-a, doctor,-ra■ family doctor médico,-a de cabecera2 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL doctor,-ra (of, en)1 pejorative (change - results, evidence) falsificar, amañar; (text, document) arreglar, amañar; (food, drink) adulterar2 euphemistic use (animal) castrar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be under the doctor ser atendido,-a por un,-a médico,-adoctor ['dɑktər] vt1) treat: tratar, curar2) alter: adulterar, alterar, falsificar (un documento)doctor n1) : doctor m, -tora fDoctor of Philosophy: doctor en filosofía2) physician: médico m, -ca f; doctor m, -tora fn.• doctor s.m.• doctor, -ora s.m.,f.• médico s.m.
I 'dɑːktər, 'dɒktə(r)1) ( Med) médico, -ca m,f, doctor, -tora m,f, facultativo, -va m,f (frml)just what the doctor ordered — (colloq) justo lo que hace falta (fam)
2) ( Educ) doctor, -tora m,fDoctor of Philosophy/Law — doctor en filosofía/derecho
II
1) (pej)a) \<\<food/drink\>\> adulterarb) \<\<text\>\> arreglarc) \<\<results/evidence\>\> falsificar*, amañar2) ( neuter) (BrE euph) \<\<cat/dog\>\> operar (euf)['dɒktǝ(r)]1. N1) (Med) médico(-a) m / f2) (Univ) doctor(a) m / f (of en)See:see cultural note DEGREE in degree2. VT1) (=tamper with) [+ food, drink] adulterar; [+ document] manipular2) (=treat) [+ cold] tratar, curarto doctor o.s. — automedicarse
3) * (=castrate) [+ cat, dog etc] castrar3.CPDDoctor of Philosophy N — (=person) doctor(a) m / f ; (=degree) doctorado m
doctor's degree N — doctorado m
doctor's excuse (US), doctor's line (Brit), doctor's note (Brit) N — baja f (médica)
* * *
I ['dɑːktər, 'dɒktə(r)]1) ( Med) médico, -ca m,f, doctor, -tora m,f, facultativo, -va m,f (frml)just what the doctor ordered — (colloq) justo lo que hace falta (fam)
2) ( Educ) doctor, -tora m,fDoctor of Philosophy/Law — doctor en filosofía/derecho
II
1) (pej)a) \<\<food/drink\>\> adulterarb) \<\<text\>\> arreglarc) \<\<results/evidence\>\> falsificar*, amañar2) ( neuter) (BrE euph) \<\<cat/dog\>\> operar (euf) -
12 Durão Barroso, José Manuel
(1952-)Academic, scholar, and politician who rose to prominence after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Trained as an academic in the field of political science and law, Durão Barroso received a master's degree in political science at a Swiss university in the 1980s and continued to a doctorate in Portugal. For some years, he taught political science at the University of Geneva. A student of Portuguese government and politics, he entered academic life in Lisbon at various universities, including the Faculty of Law, University of Lisbon, and spent terms abroad as a visiting political science professor at Georgetown University in the United States.A leading member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) after 1993, he was minister of foreign affairs in the Cavaco Silva government in the mid-1990s. When Marcello Rebelo de Sousa withdrew from politics in 1999, Durão Barroso was elected in his place as chief of the PSD; he led the party in the October 1999 elections, won by the Socialist Party (PS) under Guterres. The defeat of the PSD in this election, whose final results were closer than predicted, cast a shadow on the leadership position of Durão Barroso, whose brittle style and manner of public speaking aroused controversy. The position of the PSD, however, still retained some strength; the results of the October 1999 elections were disappointing to the PS, which expected to win an overall majority in the Assembly of the Republic. Instead, the PS fell one seat short. The electoral results in seats were PS (115) to PSD (81). As the PS's hold on the electorate weakened during 2001, and the party was defeated in municipal elections in December 2001, the PSD's leader came into his own as party chief.In the parliamentary elections of 17 March 2002, the PSD won the largest number of seats, and Durão Barroso was appointed prime minister. To have a majority, he governed in coalition with the Popular Party (PP), formerly known as the Christian Democratic Party (CDS). Durão Barroso reduced government spending, which affected the budgets of local governments and civil service recruitment. These measures, as well as plans to accelerate privatization and introduce labor reforms, resulted in a public-sector worker's strike in November 2002, the first such strike in 10 years. Durão Barroso decided to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a freeze on the wages of employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than 50 percent of the workforce.In 2004, he became president of the Commission, European Union (EU). He took up the office on 23 November 2004, and Pedro Santana Lopes, then the PSD mayor of Lisbon, became prime minister. Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Durão Barroso, José Manuel
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13 doctor
['doktə] 1. noun1) (a person who is trained to treat ill people: Doctor Davidson; You should call the doctor if you are ill; I'll have to go to the doctor.) médico2) (a person who has gained the highest university degree in any subject.) doutor2. verb1) (to interfere with; to add something to (usually alcohol or drugs): Someone had doctored her drink.) adulterar2) (to treat with medicine etc: I'm doctoring my cold with aspirin.) medicar•* * *doc.tor[d'ɔktə] n 1 doutor, médico, cirurgião dentista. 2 qualquer pessoa que recebeu o mais elevado grau de uma faculdade. he took his doctor’s degree / ele doutorou-se. 3 Tech nome de várias ferramentas. 4 mosca artificial para pescar salmão. 5 sl dado falsificado, alterado. 6 sl xerez (vinho) adulterado. 7 sl cozinheiro de navio. • vt+vi 1 medicar(-se). 2 exercer clínica médica. 3 tratar com medicamentos. 4 doutorar. 5 consertar, remendar às pressas. 6 adulterar, alterar, falsificar. 7 castrar (animais). doctor of divinity doutor em teologia. doctor of law doutor em lei. doctor of physic doutor em medicina. Doctor of the Church Doutor da Igreja: designação de certos teólogos cujos escritos são tidos como fontes da verdadeira doutrina cristã. horse doctor veterinário, alveitar. lady doctor doutora. medical doctor médico. witch doctor curandeiro, charlatão, feiticeiro. -
14 degree
degree [dɪˈgri:]1. nouna. (distance, temperature) degré mb. ( = amount) degré m• to such a degree that... à (un) tel point que...e. ( = academic qualification) diplôme m (universitaire)• first degree ≈ licence f• higher degree ( = master's) ≈ maîtrise f ; ( = doctorate) ≈ doctorat m2. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Dans les systèmes universitaires britannique et américain, le premier titre universitaire (généralement obtenu après trois ou quatre ans d'études supérieures) est le « bachelor's degree », qui permet à l'étudiant en lettres de devenir « Bachelor of Arts » (« BA » en Grande-Bretagne, « AB » aux États-Unis) et à l'étudiant en sciences ou en sciences humaines d'être un « Bachelor of Science » (« BSc » en Grande-Bretagne, « BS » aux États-Unis). L'année suivante débouche sur les diplômes de « Master of Arts » (« MA ») et de « Master of Science » (« MSc » en Grande-Bretagne, « MS » aux États-Unis).* * *[dɪ'griː]1) Geography, Mathematics, Physics degré mten degrees of latitude/longitude — 10 degrés de latitude/longitude
2) University diplôme m universitairefirst ou bachelor's degree — ≈ licence f
3) ( amount) degré mto a degree —
4) US Lawfirst degree murder — homicide m volontaire avec préméditation
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15 take3
1) take smth. take that book (a pen; a piece, a larger spoon, etc.) брать /взять/ эту книгу и т.д.; here, take my bags вот, возьмите мои вещи; take smb.'s hand взять кого-л. за руку; take smb.'s arm взять кого-л. под руку; do you want to take the wheel? хочешь сесть за руль?2) take smth. will you let us take your car? можно взять вашу машину /воспользоваться вашей машиной/?; someone has taken my hat кто-то взял или стащил мой шапку; I wish you wouldn't keep taking my ties хватит тебе таскать у меня галстуки; he takes everything he can lay his hands on он берет все, что подвернется под руку; he's always taking other people's ideas он всегда присваивает себе чужие мысли; she took all the credit все заслуги она приписала себе3) take smth., smb. you may take the largest piece of cake (whichever you wish, what I offer you, etc.) вы можете взять /выбрать/ [себе] самый большой кусок и т.д.; the magazine took my article журнал принял /в журнале приняли/ мою статью; take a partner выбирать или подбирать партнера; take your partner пригласите своего партнера (на танец); take a wife (a husband) жениться (выйти замуж); she wouldn't take him она ему отказала4) take smth., smb. take your books (an umbrella, your passport, etc.) захватите [с собой] книги и т.д.; I am glad you took your саr я рад, что вы на машине; did the laundry-man take my laundry? белье увезли /забрали/ в прачечную /в старку/?; why don't we take your sister? почему бы нам не захватить вашу сестру?5) take smth. take presents (flowers, etc.) принимать подарки и т.д.; take a bribe (money) брать взятку (деньги); take one's part /one's share/ взять свою долю; take that! coll. вот тебе! получай! (ударив кого-л.)6) take smth. take a duty (a function, a charge, all the responsibility, etc.) взять на себя /принять/ обязанности и т.д.; take command принять командование; take the lead взять на себя руководство; take an offer /а proposal, a suggestion/ принимать предложение; take a challenge /а dare/ принять вызов; take a resolution принять решение; take smb.'s word поверить кому-л. на слово; take smb.'s advice последовать чьему-л. совету; I must take medical (legal) advice я должен посоветоваться с врачом (юристом); take no denial не принимать отказа; I won't take that answer такой ответ меня не устраивает; he will take no nonsense он не потерпит никаких глупостей; he couldn't take the strain он не выдержал [такого] напряжения; he had to take a lot of teasing ему пришлось вытерпеть много насмешек; 1 will not take such a treatment я не потерплю такого обращения; I shan't take your orders я не буду выполнять ваши приказания /приказы/; he will not take your warning он не примет во внимание /не учтет/ ваше предупреждение || take liberties позволять себе лишнее /вольности/; take a call отвечать на звонок или вызов; the phone is ringing, who will take the call? звонит телефон, кто возьмет трубку /будет говорить/?7) || take smb.'s side встать на /принимать/ чью-л. сторону; take the side of the speaker стать на сторону оратора, быть на стороне оратора; take sides встать на чью-л. сторону; in this case I can't take sides в данном случае я не могу быть ни за тех, ни за других /встать ни на ту, ни на другую сторону8) take smth. he was willing to take the part of the hero он согласился сыграть главную роль; take an assumed name взять вымышленное имя9) take smth., smb. take a house (lodgings, rooms, etc.) снимать /арендовать/ дом и т.д.; take a newspaper (a magazine, three daily papers, the "Times", etc.) получать /выписывать/ газету и т.д.; take a secretary (a maid, a cook, a tutor, etc.) нанимать /брать/ секретаря и т.д.; take new members принимать новых членов10) take smth. I decided to take a job я решил устроиться на работу; take office (the throne /the crown/. etc.) вступать в должность и т.д. || take silk стать королевским адвокатом; take the gown принять духовный сан; take the veil постричься в монахи(ни)11) take smth. take a train (a tram, a bus, a boat, etc.) поехать на поезде /поездом/ и т.д.; take a /the/ number 3 bus садитесь на автобус номер три; he never takes the lift он никогда не пользуется лифтом; let's take a taxi давайте возьмем /поедем на/ такси; I am taking a plane я (подлечу самолетом12) take smb. take pupils брать учеников; take lodgers пускать жильцов13) take smth. take [music, driving, etc.] lessons брать уроки [музыки и т.д.]14) take smth., smb. take an obstacle преодолевать /брать/ препятствие, take a hurdle (a slope, a fence, etc.) брать барьер и т.д.; the horse took a ditch (a fence, a hedge, etc.) лошадь перемахнула через канаву и т.д.; take the stairs подняться по лестнице; take a ship (a country, a city, an enemy town, a fortress, a fort, etc.) захватывать корабль и т.д.; take [500] prisoners взять [пятьсот человек] пленных15) take smth. take a prize (a reward, [the] first prize, one's degree, an honorary doctorate, etc,) получать первую премию и т.д.; take the first place занимать первое место; take a bishop взять слона (в шахматах); take a trick взять взятку (в картах)16) || take smb.'s attention /smb.'s eye/ привлечь чье-л. внимание; take smb.'s fancy поразить чье-л. воображение; понравиться кому-л.; this house (a toy, etc.) took her fancy этот дом ей понравился /приглянулся/ и т.д.17) take smb., smth. the flood took many victims во время наводнения было много жертв /погибло много людей/; take one's [own] life наложить на себя руки18) take smth. take time (a week, three hours, all his spare time, etc.) требовать /забирать, отнимать/ время и т.д.; this car (this old engine, etc.) takes a lot of oil (a great deal of coal, etc.) эта машина и т.д. берет /расходует/ много бензина и т.д.; the piano would take much room рояль занял бы много места; it takes a lot of money на это уходит /требуется/ много денег; the recipe takes six eggs для приготовления этого блюда надо шесть яиц; these windows take 10 metres of curtaining на занавески /на шторы/ для этих окон пойдет десять метров ткани; the climb took all our strength ace наши силы ушли на преодоление подъема || take [one's] time не торопиться, не спешить; can I take my time before answering? можно мне ответить не сразу?19) take smth. the verb (this word, etc.) takes a preposition (a genetive, an object, etc.) этот глагол и т.д. требует предлога и т.д.20) take smth. take a certain shape (the shape of a man, the likeness of a human being, etc.) принимать /приобретать/ какую-л. форму и т.д.; take shape оформиться; when our plans take shape когда определятся наши планы; his voice took a different tone его голос зазвучал иначе /по-другому/; take a gloomy (a different, a practical, etc.) view мрачно и т.д. смотреть на вещи; take a biased view предвзято относиться к чему-л.; if you take this attitude we shall not come to an understanding если вы так будете к этому относиться, то мы не договоримся; take a strong stand упорно /решительно/ отстаивать свою точку зрения21) take smth. take food есть; питаться; he can take no food он не может есть; take an early breakfast рано позавтракать; when do you take dinner? когда вы обедаете?; first we shall take refreshments сначала мы закусим; take a cup of tea (a drink of water, a glass of beer, coffee, etc.) выпить чашку чая и т.д.; I cannot take wine мне нельзя пить [вина]; do you take sugar? вы пьете [чай или кофе] с сахаром?; take [а pinch of] snuff [по]нюхать табак; take medicine (pills, sleeping powders, some sedative, poison, etc.) принимать /пить/лекарство и т.д.; take air дышать свежим воздухом; take a [deep] breath сделать [глубокий] вдох22) take smb. take fish (game, a wild beast, a bird, a rabbit, etc.) ловить рыбу и т.д.; take a dozen trout поймать дюжину форелей23) take smth. take a dozen eggs (a pound of flour, two pounds of coffee, tickets, etc.) купить дюжину яиц и т.д.; I'll take this hat я беру /куплю, возьму/ эту шляпу24) take smth., smb. take a photo /а photograph, a snapshot/ сделать снимок /карточку, фотографию/; are you allowed to take pictures? у вас есть разрешение снимать /фотографировать/?; will you take my picture? вы меня сфотографируете?; take animals (a view, this tower, a scene, smb.'s likeness, a child's picture, etc.) фотографировать животных и т.д.25) take smth., smb. take a hint (a joke, his words, etc.) понимать намек и т.д.; she is slow to take his meaning она не сразу понимает, что он имеет в виду; one doesn't know how to take him не знаешь, как его воспринимать /понимать/; do you take me? вам ясно, что я хочу сказать /имею в виду/?26) take smth. take French (Latin, mathematics, ballet, etc.) заниматься французским языком и т.д.; take a course of lectures прослушать курс лекций; what courses (subjects) are you taking? какие вы слушаете курсы /предметы/?27) take smth. take a class (the sixth form, the English class, etc.) вести занятия и т.д.; take the evening service служить вечерню28) take smth. take notes делать /вести/ записи; take notes of a lecture записывать лекцию; take minutes вести протокол; take smb.'s name (smb.'s address, the number of his car, facts, etc.) записывать чью-л. фамилию и т.д.; take smb.'s pulse проверять /считать/ пульс [у кого-л.]; take [smb.'s] temperature измерять [кому-л.] температуру; take fingerprints (barometer readings, a seismograph reading, [smb.'s] measurements, etc.) снимать отпечатки пальцев и т.д..; take an inventory составлять опись; take a census проводить перепись29) take smth. let's take the case of your brother (the feudal system, the French Revolution, etc.) возьмем в качестве примера случай с вашим братом и т.д.30) take smb., smth. the car takes only five passengers в машину может сесть только пять пассажиров; can you take two more? вы можете взять еще двоих? (в машину и т.п.); the bus couldn't take any more passengers в автобусе больше не было свободных мест; the hall takes 2000 people зал вмещает две тысячи человек; the lorry cannot take so much weight грузовик не выдерживает /не рассчитан/ на такой груз; this typewriter takes large sizes of paper в эту пишущую машинку можно вставлять бумагу большого формата31) take smth. wool takes dye шерсть можно покрасить; marble (most leathers, this stuff, silver, etc.) takes (a) high polish мрамор и т.д. можно отполировать до блеска; waxed paper (parchment, etc.) will not take ink (dye, etc.) к вощеной бумаге и т.д. чернила и т.д. не пристают32) take smth. take a certain (the opposite) direction пойти в какую-л. (в обратную) сторону; take this street идите по этой улице; take the second turning сверните во вторую улицу; take the wrong road сбиться с пути; пойти не той дорогой; take the shortest way home пойти домой кратчайшим путем; take a short cut пойти напрямик; take the path of least resistance пойти по линии наименьшего сопротивления; take one's own way избрать свой собственный путь; things must take their course все должно идти своим чередом; events took another course события приняли иной оборот33) aux take [а] rise идти на подъем, подниматься; the road is taking a rise дорога идет в гору; take action действовать; I felt I had to take action я чувствовал, что мне надо что-то сделать /предпринять/; take legal action возбуждать судебное дело; take steps /measures/ принимать меры; предпринимать что-л.; take precautions принимать меры предосторожности; take one's chance (an opportunity, advantage, a mean advantage, etc.) воспользоваться случаем и т.д., использовать случай и т.д.; take chances рисковать; take effect а) возыметь /оказать/ действие; the pills will soon take effect таблетки скоро подействуют; б) вступать в силу, the law took effect last month закон вступил в силу в прошлом месяце; take place случаться, происходить; when will the meeting take place? когда будет собрание?; where did the accident take place? где произошел несчастный случай?; take part участвовать, принимать участие; take root укорениться, пустить корни; take aim прицеливаться; take [ great take pains [очень] стараться; take possession стать владельцем, вступить во владение; take heart /courage/ мужаться, не робеть; take (no) notice (не) замечать; take по heed не обращать внимания; take revenge отомстить; take fright испугаться; take fire воспламениться; take offence обидеться; take alarm встревожиться; take arms вооружиться; take shelter укрыться; take flight бежать; take card осторожно!34) id take smth. take a bath принять ванну; take a shower принять душ; take a jump прыгнуть; take a dive нырнуть; take a nap вздремнуть; take a walk /а turn/ прогуляться, пройтись; take a look взглянуть, бросить взгляд; take a risk /risks/ рискнуть, пойти на риск; take one's leave /one's departure/ попрощаться, уйти; take a seat садиться; please, take my seat пожалуйста, садитесь на мое место; take seats! занимайте места; he took one of the vacant places он сел на одно из свободных мест; take one's choice сделать выбор; take a leave взять отпуск; you must take a holiday вам надо отдохнуть; take an oath /а vow/ поклясться, дать клятву; take an examination держать экзамен; take a journey предпринять путешествие; take turns делать что-л. по очереди -
16 Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 April 1818 Giessen, Germanyd. 2 May 1892 Berlin, Germany[br]German organic chemist.[br]The son of an architect, Hofmann began studying law and languages but was increasingly drawn to chemistry, attracted by Liebig's teaching at Giessen. In 1841 Hofmann took his doctorate with a study of coal tar. He became Privatdozent at Bonn University in 1845, but later that year he was persuaded to take up the post of first Director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London, after tenure was guaranteed as a result of Prince Albert's influence. He remained there for twenty years until he was offered professorships in chemistry at Bonn and Berlin. He accepted the latter. Hofmann continued the method of teaching chemistry, based on laboratory instruction, developed by Liebig at Giessen, and extended it to England and Berlin. A steady stream of well-trained chemists issued forth from Hofmann's tuition, concerning themselves especially with experimental organic chemistry and the industrial applications of chemistry. In 1848 one of his students, C.B. Mansfield, devised the method of fractional distillation of coal tar, to separate pure benzene, xylene and toluene, thus laying the foundations of the coal-tar industry. In 1856 another student, W.H. Perkin, prepared the first synthetic dyestuff, aniline purple, heralding the great dyestuffs industry, in which several other of his students distinguished themselves. Although keenly interested in the chemistry of dyestuffs, Hofmann did not pursue their large-scale preparation, but he stressed the importance of scientific research for success on a commercial scale. Hofmann's stimulus in this direction flagged after his return to Germany, and this was a factor in the failure of British industry to follow up their initial advantage and allow it to pass to Germany. In 1862 Hofmann prepared a dye from a derivative of triphenylmethane, which he called rosaniline. From this he derived a series of beautiful colours, ranging from blue to violet, which he patented as "Hofmann's violets" the following year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsEnnobled 1888.Further ReadingJ.Volhard and E.Fischer, 1902, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, ein Lebensbild, Berlin (the basic biography).K.M.Hammond, 1967, bibliography, unpublished, (Diploma in Librarianship, London University (lists 373 items; deposited in University College, London)).LRDBiographical history of technology > Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
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17 Mitscherlich, Alexander
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 28 May 1836 Berlin, Germanyd. 31 May 1918 Oberstdorf, Germany[br]German inventor of sulphite wood pulp for papermaking.[br]Mitscherlich had an impeccable scientific background; his father was the celebrated chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich, discoverer of the law of isomorphism, and his godfather was Alexander von Humboldt. At first his progress at school failed to live up to this auspicious beginning and his father would only sanction higher studies if he first qualified as a teacher so as to assure a means of livelihood. Alexander rose to the occasion and went on to gain his doctorate at the age of 25 in the field of mineralogical chemistry. He worked for a few years as Assistant to the distinguished chemists Wöhler in Göttingen and Wurtz in Paris. On his father's death in 1863, he succeeded him as teacher of chemistry in the University of Berlin. In 1868 he accepted a post in the newly established Forest Academy in Hannoversch-Munden, teaching chemistry, physics and geology. The post offered little financial advantage, but it left him more time for research. It was there that he invented the process for producing sulphite wood pulp.The paper industry was seeking new raw materials. Since the 1840s pulp had been produced mechanically from wood, but it was unsuitable for making fine papers. From the mid-1860s several chemists began tackling the problem of separating the cellulose fibres from the other constituents of wood by chemical means. The American Benjamin C.Tilghman was granted patents in several countries for the treatment of wood with acid or bisulphite. Carl Daniel Ekman in Sweden and Karl Kellner in Austria also made sulphite pulp, but the credit for devising the process that came into general use belongs to Mitscherlich. His brother Oskar came to him at the Academy with plans for producing pulp by the action of soda, but the results were inferior, so Mitscherlich substituted calcium bisulphite and in the laboratory obtained good results. To extend this to a large-scale process, he was forced to set up his own mill, where he devised the characteristic towers for making the calcium bisulphite, in which water trickling down through packed lime met a rising current of sulphur dioxide. He was granted a patent in Luxembourg in 1874 and a German one four years later. The sulphite process did not make him rich, for there was considerable opposition to it; government objected to the smell of sulphur dioxide, forestry authorities were anxious about the inroads that might be made into the forests and his patents were contested. In 1883, with the support of an inheritance from his mother, Mitscherlich resigned his post at the Academy to devote more time to promoting his invention. In 1897 he at last succeeded in settling the patent disputes and achieving recognition as the inventor of sulphite pulp. Without this raw material, the paper industry could never have satisfied the insatiable appetite of the newspaper presses.[br]Further ReadingH.Voorn "Alexander Mitscherlich, inventor of sulphite wood pulp", Paper Maker 23(1): 41–4.LRDBiographical history of technology > Mitscherlich, Alexander
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